Answering Questions 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answering Questions 1 - Research Paper Example Not only are they fundamental to him, but through his shared thoughts, the world is made aware of the effects of imperialism; the misfortune that inferior human races are made to go through against their own will, the slow death that faces innocent civilians who are made to bow to their colonial masters all in the name of political imprisonment and consequent incarceration. This is evident when the author recurs that â€Å"†¦but in reality, I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  critically analyzing this quote brings out the significance of the dying elephant in compiling of Orwell’s thesis. The elephant is used as an eye opener to enlighten the sub divisional police of the plight of the oppressed civilians. All along the officer is being driven by emotions and a subconscious mind which turns him into a puppet of his own self. Whereas he is subtle that the elephant has cooled down its temper, he is unsure of what step to take. He is more concerned with what the natives will have to say behind his back. In addition, the author is unsure of the impression he would create on the faces of the two thousand people behind his back. Though his motive was not to kill the elephant because it will be a big loss to the owner, he is driven by the unconscious thought of being a super hero. The author is more focused on portraying dominance over his subjects and that deters him from taking a second thought on shooting the elephant. That is the same way the colonial masters impose imperialism to unsuspecting police officers by turning them into their puppets. At first the author is content about his job. He fails to realize that he is a puppet being manipulated by the European government. His eyes are misted and his heart is too roughed up to understand the feelings of the Burma’s.

Resistance to Change Essay Example for Free

Resistance to Change Essay The formula states that, to overcome the resistance to change, these three components must all be present (dissatisfaction, vision, and first steps). An organization must have dissatisfaction with the current situation, a vision of the possibilities the future can bring, and attainable first steps to reach the vision. â€Å"If any of the three is zero or near zero, the product will also be zero or near zero and the resistance to change will dominate† (Rouda Kusy, 1995). One of the models of OD interventions is Action Research. It follows three major procedures. First, data would be collected regarding the current system in relation to the objective, goal, or need of that system. Then, selected variables within the system would be altered based on the research. Finally, the results would be evaluated (French Bell, 1990 cited in Rouda Kusy, 1995). On the other hand, training and development (TD) is a learning process that involves a systematic development of individuals’ expertise to improve the performance of the individual and the organization (Swanson, 2003; Rouda Kusy, 1996). The desired results of TD can be classified into four categories: reaction, learning, behavior or performance, and outcome or results. Reaction involves the evaluation of the training program (e. g. , trainee satisfaction). Learning focuses on the change in the participants after the training (e. g. , change in skills, knowledge, or attitudes). Behavior or performance is the application of learning gained from the training to the job or organization. Finally, outcomes or results relate the impact of training on the productivity and profitability of the organization. TD is usually evaluated using the last two categories, i. e. , the transfer of learning to the success of the organization and its overall impact on the organization (Kirkpatrick, 1983 cited in Rouda Kusy, 1996). For effective and efficient training, a planned instructional systems design (ISD) process is implemented for the assessment, design, development, implementation and evaluation of training. ISD begins with organizational needs assessment, which involves â€Å"surveying, identifying and prioritizing training needs, analyzing the causes of performance problems and opportunities, and identifying possible solutions. † Needs assessment is necessary to determine if the training will be cost-effective and if it is the appropriate solution (Rouda Kusy, 1996). The training design should include an analysis of the learners’ characteristics, the place where work will be performed, and the expected tasks and duties to be performed by the trainees. A complete review of the subject matter should also be conducted and the goals and performance objectives of the training must be established. A plan to evaluate the training should be devised and the instructional materials and strategies must be obtained, prepared, and pre-tested. Factors Affecting the Future Trends of HRD Practices A study was conducted by Ruona and her colleagues (2002) to identify the factors affecting the practice of HRD and its role in the future. Results showed that globalization, technology, changing organization and workforce demographics, and the ability of HRD to keep up with the changes in the environment are the forces that influence HRD. The prevalence of globalization requires HRD practitioners to understand and integrate further intercultural practices in the organization, as opposed to imposing a western view on individuals in other countries. The rapid technological development, on the other hand, would have a significant impact on learning practices, such as e-learning and virtual offices. Hopkins and her associates (2006) added that the scarcity of computer literate employees poses an overwhelming challenge in creating HRD programs, as it hampers instruction and learning process. Meanwhile, as globalization and technology prompt changes in the organization, the workforce demographics have become increasingly diversified, driving the force that would revolutionize HRD practices. Thus, there is a need to examine whether current HRD practices of an organization have the ability to adapt to the changing conditions in the organization (Ruona, et al. , 2002). Changes in the role of HRD in future were also identified. The findings of the study revealed that learning, change and organization system, and knowledge management and creation are the key roles of HRD in an organization. HRD practitioners identified learning and human development as the highest competitive advantage of the field. They emphasized the importance of the effective use and systematic integration of learning methodologies in the organization. They urge HRD to focus on creating cultures that would foster an environment that is truly conducive to learning, such as assigning challenging tasks and implementing reward systems that encourage learning. The rapid changes taking place in the organization also require HRD practitioners to assist people to overcome their resistance to the changes. These people also need to be assisted in coping up with the changes. Future trends also dictate that HRD must fulfill its role in creating and managing knowledge to prevent information overload (Ruona, et al. , 2002). Conclusion Akdere, M. Conceicao, S. (2006). Integration of human resource development and adult education theories and practices: Implications for organizational learning. Academy of Human Resource Development International Conference Proceedings, 295-301. Columbus, Ohio De Silva, S. Human resource development for competitiveness: a priority for employers. Geneva: ILO, 1998

Drama Therapy In Reduction Of Vicarious Trauma Psychology Essay

Drama Therapy In Reduction Of Vicarious Trauma Psychology Essay Drama therapy is defined as an intentional and systematic application of drama/ theater processes, products, and associations towards achieving therapeutic goals of symptom relief, emotional and physical integration and individual/personal growth. Therefore, the goals of drama therapy are established from psychotherapy and the tools to achieve these goals are derived from theater Children use drama as therapy spontaneously, with no outside direction or pre-imposed structure. Dramatic play is the childs method of: symbolically expressing and resolving internal conflict; assimilating reality; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦releasing pent-up emotions; learning to control potentially destructive impulses through fantasy; expressing unaccepted parts of the self; exploring problems and discovering solutions; expressing hopes and wishes;à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and developing a sense of identity (cited in Emunah, 1994, p.4). These fundamental dramatic play functions in childrens lives are also relevant to everybody regardless of age towards building psychological growth and change. These plays help client to tell his or her story to solve a problem, achieve catharsis, extend the depth and breadth of inner experiences, understand the meaning of images, and strengthen the ability to observe personal roles while increasing flexibility between roles (Emunah, 1994) The experience by psychotherapists of failure of traditional verbal therapy to confront and work through client discomfort led to the evolving of drama therapy. The balance of verbal and non-verbal elements of play therapy together with its language of metaphor enables individual to work effectively within a therapeutic session. Trauma experiences that have been proved to be toxic to peoples life can be recapitulated to workers who are supposed to be helping the traumatized clients. This has detrimental impact on the clients and also can lead to demoralization of help givers and wastage of resources. It can also lead to the belief that the clients receiving the help are the cause of the problem and that the clients condition is hopeless and they cannot be assisted or helped. This transfer of trauma from the client to the care giver is known as vicarious traumatization (Kellermann, 1992). Vicarious trauma is inevitable while dealing with clients who have suffered major losses or suffered terrible events. It cannot be avoided but can be modified or reduced through drama therapy (Jones, 1996). Vicarious Traumatization Vicarious traumatization also known as secondary traumatization is the impacts of working with clients who have experienced trauma through the narration of their story about the experiences. It is called secondary because the person affected by the trauma has no direct link with the event that led to the trauma but experiences the trauma indirectly through their client (Andersen et al, 2000). A good example is of workers helping the refugees. Since the refugees have suffered major losses and life-shattering events, those working with refugee such as teachers, medical doctors, and immigration workers among others will be subject to vicarious traumatization and its impacts. Vicarious traumatization is usually a slow, cumulative process that takes place in the course of hearing many stories of loss and pain (Emunah, 1994 Axline, 1947). This makes it difficult to detect its impacts on the care givers lives. In most cases the care givers do not realize that they are suffering from vicari ous traumatization until when it is too late and they have burned out. The impact of vicarious traumatization like the impacts of trauma itself is serious and can be permanent. It interferes with the care givers/workers ability to do their work effectively and this highlights the need to recognize, monitor, and minimize the effects of vicarious traumatization on workers lives (Kellermann, 1992). Understanding Vicarious Traumatization and Its Impacts As defined above, vicarious traumatization is the experience of trauma related stress that is often caused by working closely with trauma victims. Trauma in definition is any experience involving serious threat personal harm or harm to others and excessive negative emotions like fear, helplessness, rage, and grief. These experiences can happen at any time of the life of individuals who have gone major losses or suffered terrible occurances for instance in a refugee life it can occur during resettlement process or any other phase of a refugee life (Jones, 1996). It is not possible to hear stories of tragic losses, human brutal harassments, gross injustice, and needless suffering and remain unaffected by such stories by workers who encounter human suffering on daily basis. The only way to remain unaffected is only by choosing to be numb by blocking our senses but this most often leads to ineffectiveness in service delivery and can also lead to depression and other associated problems(Jones, 1996). The fact is that we are changed by the nature of our work usually in ways we do not want. For example a volunteer who is optimistic on him/herself towards helping refugee may change drastically and become increasingly cynical and discouraged because of the unique stress emanating from his/her job (Andersen et al, 2000). Vicarious traumatization can take various forms which are determined by an individual and the work environment. The fact that people response to stress are different, there is no single symptom or set of signs that provide absolute evidence of vicarious traumatization or an exhaustive list showing all the signs and symptoms. Nevertheless, many of the impacts of vicarious traumatization are similar to the impacts of the trauma itself. Some of the signs and symptoms of vicarious traumatization include; fatigue, depression, withdrawal from other or from activities, loss of trust, demoralization, cynicism, disillusionment, lack of sleep, loss of sense of humor, lack of emotional control and strong emotional reactions to minor occurrences, and difficulty ,making decision among other symptoms (Kellermann, 1992). Like water flowing over a rock in a stream, on daily basis nothing seems to be happening to the rock but several years later, have of the rock will be worn out. Similarly, vicarious traumatization is cumulative and on a day-to-day basis, we may hardly realize that we are experiencing stress. Eventually the vicarious traumatization wears us down and if not dealt with, it leaves us in an exhausted position. Once in this exhausted position we are unable to think clearly, make rational judgments, listen carefully, or even help others effectively (Jones, 1996). In addition, attributes such as cynicism, disillusionment, despair among others becomes part of our permanent identities (Carey, 1990). These are serious and damaging impacts. Fortunately, such impacts can be reduced by taking an active role of reducing such stresses that are associated with working closely with trauma survivors. The first step towards addressing vicarious traumatization is to accept that such trauma does exist and have an understanding of the contributing factors of vicarious traumatization (Sue, 1994). Management of Vicarious Traumatization through Drama Therapy Some researchers argue that dramatic activities do encourage a removal from the reality which is an escapist way of being, relating to others, and relating to the world. Others argue that theatre and life are totally different states and if they do relate, it is only within the confines of a theatre with its formal demarcation of performance and audience areas. Some argument view adult dramatization as being regressive returning to the experience of the child in play. Nevertheless, some scholars argue that drama and living are virtually connected. As Evreinov wrote theater is a human impulse necessary to health living (cited in Jones, 1996). Drama therapy acknowledges that a part of this want and impulse can be employed in the maintenance of health and coping with emotional and psychological problems (De Dominico, 1988 Gil, 1994). The creation of world of fictions, play world, and the creative process itself does not need only to be seen in the perspective of an unhelpful retreat fr om the reality but rather be seen as an important part of living in the world. Creativity in drama therapy has a healing, life-affirming aspect. The fantasies and the artistic daydreams help in conquering the painful limits of existence. They also help in dealing with our basic conflicts (Carey, 2006). Over the past two decades, acknowledgement of drama as a therapy has changed and this has led to the emergence of drama therapy as practiced today. These changes have two main aspects as observed by Jones that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦drama therapy session can deal with primary processes involved in the clients change rather than being adjunct to other ways of working, such as psychotherapyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that the root of this process is in the drama. Dram therapy is not viewed by those who support it as a psychotherapy group containing dramatic activities but rather the drama process contains the therapy itself (Jones, 1996). Drama therapy techniques Various elements of drama therapy combined together make drama therapy effective. These elements explain the way in which drama processes are therapeutic. These elements are not specific to any drama technique but their focus is on fundamental processes within all drama therapy. The key areas of drama and theatre which are of essence to drama therapist includes; the process of entry into playing as a character, entry into dramatic state, dramatic communication, relationship between the dramatic frame and real life frame, performance processes, and the audience together with the process of witnessing in theatre. These drama elements are essential in developing the healing power of drama and theatre and out of them there emerges series of dramatic processes which are crucial towards making drama therapy effective(Carey, 2006, Sue, 1994). The first core drama process is dramatic projection. Wilshire in his work Role Playing and Identity describes the relationship between stage space and audience in a way that help us to see how drama projection relates to drama therapy. He observes that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the constant attractions and the needs for theatre is that we see ourselves writ large' (Wilshire, 1982cited in Emunah, 1994). According to this observation, seeing ourselves the way we are leads toward changing oneself according to the way we understand or see ourselves which may include a change in our perspective. In addition, as an audience, we may identify with some of characters on the stage through motivation, experience or attitude. This may also be accompanied with projection of our own motivations, feelings and experience according to the direction provided by the actor. Drama content and action witnessed by the audience can lead to a shift of their relationship with the projected feelings during or after the p erformance. In turn, this may affect the way the audience understand and feel about part of themselves that have been engaged with the projection (Sue, 1997). This projection and identification with the drama scene are not only to the clients that could be suffering from trauma experiences but also to the therapist who from the traditional verbal expression may be a subject to vicarious traumatization because they are actively involved as an actor or audience and also the way the client expresses his or her inner feelings through acting has lesser vicarious traumatization impacts. Though some theory such as classic freud sees projection and identification as a defensive process, the drama therapy sees it as an important process that develops important relationship between inner emotions and external forms and presences (Weber et al, 2005 Carey, 2006). The other core process of drama therapy is the therapeutic performance process. This process includes need identification, rehearsal, showing, and disengagement. There are two impacts within this process. The process enables the client to find expression for the material to be worked on and the working means with the material. During rehearsal and showing, client can shift their relationship to personal material by playing different role in the enactment or by directing alternative ways of the play. The focus here is to explore the content displayed by the client (Emunah, 1994). Clients and therapists may become role player or an audience member for a while. Taking these roles may be therapeutic for both the clients and the therapist for it provides an opportunity for a change in the link with the material or shift in perspective concerning the expressed material. The client and therapist involvement with the medium of drama through acting may allow them to experience their own creat ivity. Eventually they may be able to bring this creativity to bear upon the problem being focused within the action. This creativity may necessitate a change as the client and the therapist is able to address the problematic material from various perspectives (Sue, 1994). For instance, outside drama therapy session, a client or therapist may be stuck with a problem but they may feel capable of finding the solution through creatively engaging and experimenting new alternatives in the drama (Miller, 1994). Empathy and distancing which are other processes within drama are often two opposing powers within theatre and drama therapy. But it would be beneficial if we see both as part of any reaction that result from a dramatic phenomenon either in a theatre or therapy. One may be established more strongly than the other but it is irrational to describe a response as being completely distanced or empathized. Empathy and distancing are associated to mediation and the ways in which an individual interact with others and happenings in life. As Landy observes, healthy functioning requires a balance of feeling and thought (Landy, 1986, 98 cited in Emunah, 1994 ). Empathy creates a bond between the actor and the audience. It is determined by the capabilities of the audience to identify with and engage their emotions with the character. It can also be evident within the character themselves through the role they are acting with. On the other hand, distancing is where the character does not allow to tal transformation on the stage into the character he is acting (Miller, 1994). Empathy development in dramatic activities is therapeutic in itself. For instance clients may have a problem of establishing relationship due to lack of abilities to empathize with other. Empathetic responses during therapy sessions encourage the client to empathize with others outside the drama therapy. On the other hand, distancing encourages participation that is more focused towards thought, reflection and perspective. This means that the client function as a reader to the material without being disengaged from the material but involved with it from a different angle (Allen, 1988). This helps the client to develop perspective on themselves or an event. The degree of response, of empathy and distancing within an action can be used as an instrument in the assessment of clients relationship with the material they present (Emunah, 1994). Drama representation is described as the means chosen to express material within a drama session. Two particular elements common within drama practice are personification and impersonation. Personification is representing a person quality using objects dramatically. Impersonation on the other hand refers to role playing of an imaginary person (Miller, 1994). These two elements provide the client or the therapist a given focus of expression and exploration of problems and concerns. It enables the client to have a taste of what it is to be another (Emunah, 1994). This links the process of developing empathy and eventually developing the ways a client interacts with others. It can also help in the process of viewing a problematic circumstance from the point of view of another person. Participation of fictional material through personification and impersonations can develop opportunities to change and explore the concern in a new direction. This fictional world enables client exploration s which the client might deny in the normal life circumstances. Play activities which is another process in drama therapy is described as the expressive language in the therapeutic sessions. In early stages, a play usually contains games and warm up activities. A state of playfulness is developed and the client enters into a special playing state. This playful session has a link with reality. The links are exhibited by a more creative, flexible attitude towards action, impacts and held ideas. This allows the client to adopt a playful, experimenting direction towards themselves and their life encounters (Miller, 1994). . This makes play to be seen as part of an expressive continuum using specific language such object play, toys, and games among others which is seen as part of hoe the client explores material in drama therapy (Weber et al, 2005).. Conclusion In many occasions, work in drama therapy involves a direct dramatic representation of reality for instance playing a role of real life event or an improvised experience. At other time it is indirect relationship with real life event. Many activities give a number of various types of connection simultaneously. For example a realistic role play of relationship between a client and her mother, exploring unaddressed problem may have various importance. To the client presenting material, to the other actors and audience, the relationship, may symbolize a struggle between self and personified by the mother and daughter (Miller, 1994).. The process of being involved in drama activities and the potential creativity of enactment can bring transformation in a persons life. This is as result of transformation of identity- the artist in the client is established within drama therapy. The development of dramatic products, the participation in dramatic process can result to a combination of thinki ng, feeling and creativity (Sue, 1994). This combination has a potential to transform different aspects of clients way of understanding and responding to themselves and the world. The interactions which the client forms in the drama therapy can be transformative experience. Past interactions, events and ways of addressing them cab be brought into the current drama therapy and be reworked within the drama.

The Entrepreneur :: small business self employed

In the United States, approximately one in eight adults are self-employed. In their minds exists a one common dream. This is the entrepreneurial dream of self-employment. It is the freedom to start, grow, and cash in a new business. Most of the extravagant millionaires of today build up their wealth in this way. An entrepreneur is someone who has the ability to build and develop his own business. In today's fast paced world of business, many people chose to work for themselves. A career as an entrepreneur is a risky, yet personally rewarding endeavor. Entrepreneurs start from ground zero with probably only a dollar in their pocket. "Entrepreneurship is the ability to create and build something from practically nothing" (Timmons 1). Entrepreneurs should be admired more than anything for their hard work and determination. "It is initiating, doing, achieving, and building an enterprise or organization, rather than just watching, analyzing or describing one. It is the knack for sensing an opportunity where others see chaos, contradiction and confusion. It is the ability to build a "founding team" to complement your own skills and talents. It is the know-how to find, marshal and control resources (often owned by others) and to make sure you don't run out of money when you need it most. " (Timmons 1). To be an entrepreneur, it takes the willingness to prosper with calculated risks; both personal and financial-and then do everything possible to get the odds in your favor. Driven by an intense commitment and determined perseverance, entrepreneurs work very hard at what they do. They excel and want to win. Entrepreneurs are amazing people with a high respect of character. They use their mistakes as something to learn from rather than a failure. No matter the outcome, they believe in themselves and have an extreme confidence not only in themselves, but also in what they do. "Entrepreneurs who start and build new businesses are more celebrated than studied. They embody, in the popular imagination and in the eyes of some scholars, the virtues of "boldness, ingenuity, leadership, persistence and determination." Policymakers see them as a crucial source of employment and productivity growth. Yet our systematic knowledge of how entrepreneurs start and grow their businesses is limited. The activity does not occupy a prominent place in the study of business and economics.

The American Influence in the post-Cold War Era: a Critical Perspective

Introduction The post-Cold War era saw the end of the simple bipolarity in international affairs, and the redistribution of power in the international system resulted in the revision of classic concepts of war, power, security and conflict. The new agenda for economic development of the poorest regions and their political integration in a globalizing world, led to an increased role of non-governmental organisations in foreign affairs (Cox, 2003; 2008; Baylis & Smith, 2007; Brown, 2005; Strange, 2002). With globalization, the capacity of the state was undermined, and transnational corporations and global firms became the landmarks of a new world order, which some labelled as post-democracy (Crouch, 2004). In the age of post-democracy, the debate around the reorganization of power in the international system and the sustainability of the main continuities in US foreign policy such as trade liberalization and democratization became a question of new debate (Nye, 1990; Strange, 2002; Cox, 2003; 2008). The question whether the United States was going to preserve its economic and political primacy in a much more complex world divided experts, and existing theories of imperialism clashed with newly emerged visions of a multilateral world, where influence and resources are shared among a relatively strong America, and emerging Asian powers. This short essay will critically examine the influence of the United States in the post Cold War world, and will explore whether the demise of the American dream for political and economic freedom is really on its way. This will be observed in the context of US foreign policy. Research question This essay will explore whether the American dream and its replications in foreign policy is in its demise in the post-Cold War era. It will defend the view, that despite the rising powers from Asia and the political and military capabilities of Russia, Israel and Iran, the American continuities in foreign policy remain resilient and to a large extent – sustainable in a multi-polar world. In order to do this, the author has decided to look at two specific tenets of US foreign policy and their sustainability as factors in global politics – economic trade liberalism and democratization. Both of them will be discussed separately. First, the author will briefly mention the replications of the American dream in foreign policy. The American dream re-examined – the foreign policy dimension The American dream largely reflects the American values, embedded in the ideas of social equality for all people and economic freedom. Its replications in foreign policy have had two shapes – one is economic trade liberalization, and the other one is the spread of democracy. In the post Cold War era, theories related to the contested powers of the United States permeated the political discourse, and the ubiquity of the American influence in the world became a topic of discussion. According to Gowan (2008), one of the characteristic traits of American foreign policy has been the preservation of its capitalist policies, through the spread of liberal values all over the world. He argues that despite the rise of Asian powers, the US has managed to maintain its â€Å"world empire image† (347) through the sustainability of American dominated free market and institutions. The result of this post-Cold War strategy is the increasing political influence of the US in military and security issues. In sum, the American dream in foreign policy in the post-Cold War period can be looked at on two levels – one is economic and is related with the ever expanding policies of trade liberalism. The other one is related to growing political power, stemming from t he preservation of American controlled markets. For the purposes of this essay, both will be examined. The American economic liberalism in the new era In this section, it will not be sufficient to explore only the American macroeconomic performance after the end of the post Cold War. First, we need to briefly highlight the ideological tenets, on which this performance rests. The ideology, which has shaped the US performance since WWII is related to economic liberalism, free trade and cooperation, for the purposes of sustaining a capitalist model of production (Gowan, 2008; Brown, 2005 Cox, 2003; 2008). It rests on the image of liberal values and openness, which the US embraced during its expansion in Latin America in the 19th century. This image, described by some as American exceptionalism (Hunt, 1987; Levy, 2001) has remained continuity in US foreign policy, despite the changing conditions of the external political environment. The idea of open trade, dynamic industries and multi-lateral trade relations are all tenets of the perpetuating image of the United States as a key player in trade and economics, and a proponent of capital ism. Although it is argued whether this consistency has revolved around economic multilateralism, mercantilism or neo-imperialism (Wallerstein, 2003; Gowan, 2008), its perpetuation in international affairs is undisputed. Despite the global recession and the rising Asian powers, the US has preserved its position as one of the leading powers in the global economy. Official figures for American gross domestic product show that since 1994, the American economy has grown at a significantly faster rate than other main advanced economies such as the Eurozone and Japan (Gowan, 2008). Growth declined sharply in 2001 and 2002 but recovered shortly after, and before the recession, figures show that the US total share in the global economic output has grown to 49.6 per cent (Gowan, 2008:351). With the global recession, the American economic ideology was challenged, and the supremacy of the dollar as the world currency – put to question because of issues related with mounting trade deficits and foreign debt. However, at present America remains one of the largest actors in the global economy, because of its ascending productivity, increasing competitiveness and domineering trade relations. Undisputedly and despite the global economic conditions, the American market will always be attractive for capitalisms from the rest of the world, because of its enormous size (Gowan, 2008; Dam, 2004; Verdier, 1994). This would perpetually encourage other economic powers from Asia and Latin America for example, to accept â€Å"American-centred economic regimes† (Gowan, 2008: 353). Also, the tangible American presence in the international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, makes the US a dominant power in terms of development economics and recovery. In this sense, the ideology and the structural characteristics of American capitalism have succeeded in a post-Cold war world, and despite the challenges ahead, at present the US remains a leading economic power. Democratization and the United States As the previous section briefly outlined, despite the formidable challenges on the global horizon, which the US faces, it has managed to preserve its economic position in the world. This economic position, however, is not simply the result of the rise of American capitalism within the world economy, but also of the political rise of the American values and the ability of the US to use its political power and influence in a globalizing world (Gowan, 2008). Authors such as Wallerstein (2003) and Gowan (2008) suggest that the US has managed to reshape the ideas of world peace and cooperation, through the historic preservation of its capitalist ideal. Also, the attempts to export democracy (Chua, 2004) and democratic values in many parts of the developing world have led to the widespread influence of the United States. Some are willing to speculate, that this was a devised strategy, designed to sustain the position of the United States as a leading political power (Cox, 2003). What was l abelled as neo-imperialism or the spread of American values through the use of â€Å"soft power† (Cox, 2003; Nye, 1990) is one of the main reasons, why the United States is likely to keep its place in the international system in the decades to come. The American democratic model has been exported to Africa, the Middle East and Latin America and despite the criticisms related to its implementation, it has served as a means for the preservation of the American position in foreign affairs. Conclusion This essay has attempted to show, that despite the challenges on the US foreign policy agenda, its influence in the international system remains significant. Therefore it would be exaggerated to say that the American dream is a reminiscence of the political past. The most powerful manifestations of the perpetuating American presence in foreign affairs are related to economic liberalism and political exports, such as democracy, human rights, and social equality. In the post-Cold war period, the United States has continued to spread its influence, and has largely remained at the centre of international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. In terms of political governance, the American formula remains uncontested. America’s greatest export commodity – democracy – has established a sphere of influence in the developing world, where the American presence will remain strong, at least for several decades to come. Whether one will take the mercanlitist, multilateralist or imperialist approach to understanding America’s future role in the world is less relevant compared to the fact that the United States remains an important element in a shared world leadership, where the swing of China and Russia towards capitalism, and the rise of a global civil society, have already shifted the balance of power in a totally different direction. Bibliography: Baylis, J. & Smith, S. (2007) eds, The Globalization of World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press Brown, C., (2005) Understanding International Relations, Palgrave: Macmillan, Ch. 6, pp. 106-123 Chua, A. (2004) â€Å"Our Most Dangerous export†, Guardian, Saturday, February 28 Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/feb/28/globalisation.iraq Cox, M. (2003) â€Å"Empire’s Back in Town. Or America’s Imperial Temptation – Again†. Millennium: Journal of International Studies. ISSN 0305-8298. Vol.32, No.1, pp. 1-27 Cox, M. & Stokes, D. (2008) â€Å"Introduction: US Foreign Policy- Past, Present and Future†, in US Foreign Policy, Cox, M. and Stokes, D. (eds), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 3-23 Crouch, C. (2004) Post – Democracy, Polity Press Dam, K.W. (2004) The Rules of the Global Game: A New Look at US International Economic Policymaking, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Gowan, P. (2008) â€Å"Global Economy†, in US Foreign Policy, Michael Cox & Doug Stokes (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 336-350 Hunt, M. (1987) Ideology and US Foreign Policy. Yale University Press Levy, S.M. (2001). American Exceptionalism and US Foreign Policy. Palgrave, New York Nye, J. S. (1990) ‘Soft power’, Foreign Policy (electronic source), issue 80 (Fall), pp.153-71. Strange, S. (2002) The Declining Authority of States, in The Global Transformations Reader: an Introduction to the Globalization Debate, 2nd edition, Held and McGrew (eds) Cambridge: Polity Press, pp.127-134 Verdier, D. (1994) Democracy and International Trade, Princeton: Princeton University Press Wallerstein, I. (2003) Historical Capitalism with Capitalist Civilization London: Verso

What Is Federal Work Study How Does It Work

What Is Federal Work Study How Does It Work SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve been accepted into your dream college! Congratulations! Now comes an entirely new challenge: figuring out how to pay for your education. College is expensive and becoming more so every year. If you don’t have a small fortune to fall back on (and most students don’t), you’ll need to put together a financial aid package that covers your tuition, room board, and other expenses. One common financial aid program is work study. In this article, we’ll answer the question â€Å"What is work study?† and discuss who qualifies for it, how much money you can earn, and whether or not you should take a work study job. What Is Work Study? The Federal Work Study Program is a federally-funded program in the US that helps students pay for college. Through work study, part and full time students enrolled in US colleges and universities can get part-time jobs to earn money. So, what is work study? Here’s the 411: Federal work study provides part-time employment while you’re studying. It’s available to undergraduate, graduate, and professional students with financial need. It’s available to full-time or part-time students. The program emphasizes providing jobs that relate to civic engagement (so, helping your community) or your course of study. There are both on and off campus work study jobs. If you work on campus, you’ll likely work for your school (think, manning the library help desk). If you work off campus, you’ll be working with a non-profit organization or public agency (remember, the jobs are often related to civic engagement). Some schools have partnerships with private, for-profit companies, but you can only snag one of these jobs if there’s a demonstrated link to your major or degree. Am I Eligible for Federal Work Study? Not everyone is eligible for work study. To see if you qualify, you first need to fill out a FAFSA Form (Free Application for Federal Student Aid). On your FAFSA form, you’ll give information about you and your family’s income, assets, and demographics (like household size, home location, and more). The FAFSA’s used to calculate something called expected family contribution, or EFC. Your expected family contribution is what your family is anticipated to provide towards your college expenses. If your family’s EFC is lower than the cost of attending college, you may receive a financial aid package from your college or university. However, it’s not guaranteed how much aid you’ll get or even if you’ll get it. Some colleges and universities award aid on a first-come, first-served basis, so it’s important to get your FAFSA in early. There’s also no official cutoff for receiving aid, so it doesn’t hurt to send in a FAFSA even if you think you won’t qualify for a package. If you do receive a financial aid package, you may see work study as part of your deal. In short, here are the three things you need to do to qualify for work study: Fill out a FAFSA application. Attend a college or university that participates in the Federal Work Study program. Demonstrate financial need. If you qualify for work study, you may end up with a job in the library or other on campus institution. How Does Federal Work Study Work? If you’re awarded a federal work study job, you may be wondering â€Å"How does federal work study work?† Here’s what you need to know: #1: You Can Work On or Off Campus Most schools have both on and off campus jobs available to work study students. Which job you’ll get depends on the availabilities at your school and your course of study. If you work on campus, you’ll be helping your school in some way. You may work at the library or as a laboratory assistant. If you work off campus, you’ll likely work with a non-profit organization or public agency. You may be able to work at a private, for profit company, but only if you can demonstrate that the job has a link to your major. #2: You'll Make at Least Minimum Wage Wondering how much money you’ll make with work study? The good news is you’ll make at least minimum wage. The even better news is that you may make more than that - it all depends on your position and your school. Your package will detail how much money you can earn from work study. That doesn’t mean you’re guaranteed to receive that money - you’ll need to do your job to earn it. If your work study award is $2,600, for instance, you’ll be able to work until you’ve earned $2,600. This is helpful for budgeting, because you’ll know how much money to expect, but doesn’t allow you the freedom to earn more money if you need it. #3: Your Money Will Be Deposited in Your Account The money you make from your work study job goes straight to you, not your school. You can use your money for anything you want, like food or supplies. You get to control what you do with the money - it’s not sent directly to your college to pay for tuition or anything else. #4: You’re Not Guaranteed the Same Job Year After Year You’re not guaranteed the same work study job year after year. You’re not even guaranteed to get a work study job every year. You’ll need to reapply with a FAFSA form every single year in order to renew your work study. Should I Get a Work Study Job? Work study jobs are a great way to earn extra money to pay for room, board, food, and other supplies that’ll help you get through college. However, it’s important to remember that a work study job is just that - a job. You’ll need to show up on time to your shifts and perform different tasks. A work study job will cut down on your availability to study and focus on your schoolwork. Do you have enough time for that? Will you be able to do your work study without letting your grades suffer? Getting a work study job isn’t like getting free money - you need to earn it. When deciding whether or not to take your work study job, consider what your availability and workload are like. If you have a tough semester coming up, you might not want to put any other pressure on yourself. If you pursue a job off-campus, your employer might not be as understanding of your need to study. Work Study Jobs vs Regular Jobs If you need to work during college, you may be wondering, â€Å"Should I try for a work study job or a non-work study job?† There are pros and cons for each. Work study jobs are offered through your college or university. Work study employers are more likely to be respectful of your school schedule. Likewise, you may be able to more easily get a job related to your field of study, which will help bolster your application to other jobs after you graduate. Unfortunately, work study jobs are limited - you won’t be able to earn more than the money allotted in your package. If you aren’t making enough to cover your expenses, you may still need to supplement your income in other ways. Non-work study jobs offer endless ranges for income. You may be able to earn significantly more money in a non-work study job. However, you’ll have to apply for these jobs yourself, without the assistance of your school. Your boss might not be as understanding of your course load and the work may not be related to what you want to do. Ultimately, you need to take a hard look at the options presented to you in your work study offer and see if you’re able to make the money work for your needs. What’s Next? Application fees are the first hurdle you'll have to overcome when paying for college. Take a look at this list of colleges that don't charge any application fees to see whether you might be able to save some money in the application process. Are you worried about standardized tests and their role in your college application? Read this article to find out when these tests might not matter for you.Also take a look at this list of colleges that don't require SAT scores. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

Black Inventors - Patent Holders List Index R

Black Inventors - Patent Holders List Index R Black history inventors are listed alphabetically: use the A to Z index bar to navigate and select or just browse the many listings. Each listing has the name of the black inventor followed by the patent number(s) which is the unique number assigned to an invention when a patent is issued, the date the patent was issued, and a description of the invention as written by the inventor. If available, links are provided to in-depth articles, biographies, illustrations and photos on each individual inventor or patent. How to submit to the database. Victor Llewellyn Ransom #3,231,866, 1/25/1966, Traffic data processing system#3,866,185, 2/11/1975, Method and apparatus for gathering peak load traffic data Debrilla M Ratchford #4,094,391, 6/13/1978, Suitcase with wheels and transporting hook Ernest P Ray #620,078, 2/21/1899, Chair supporting device Lloyd P Ray #587,607, 8/3/1897, Dust pan Andre Reboucas NA 1895 approx Torpedo Craig C Redmond, Sr. #6,085,356, 7/11/2000, Waist Band Expander Judy W Reed #305,474, 9/23/1884, Dough kneader and roller Humphrey H Reynolds #275,271, 10/7/1890, Window ventilator for railroad cars#437,937, 4/3/1883, Safety gate for bridges Mary Jane Reynolds #1,337,667, 4/20/1920, Hoisting and loading mechanism Robert Randolph Reynolds #624,092, 5/2/1899, Nonrefillable bottle Jerome Bonaparte Rhodes #639,290, 12/19/1899 Water closet Albert C Richardson #255,022, 3/14/1882, Hame fastener#446,470, 2/17/1891, Churn#529,311, 11/13/1894, Casket-lowering device#620,362, 2/28/1899, Insect destroyer#638,811, 12/12/1899, Bottle William H Richardson #343,140, 6/18/1889, Cotton chopper#405,599, 6/18/1889, Childs carriage#405,600, 6/1/1886, Childs carriage Charles V Richey #584,650, 8/3/1897, Car coupling#587,657, 10/26/1897, Railroad switch#592,448, 12/28/1897, Railroad switch#596,427, 12/13/1898, Fire escape bracket#615,907, 6/3/1913, Combined cot, hammock, and stretcher#1,063,599, 7/7/1931, Telephone register and lock-out device#1,812,984, 2/14/1933, Lockout for outgoing calls for telephone systems#1,897,533 6/15/1897, Time control system for telephones Alvin Longo Rickman #598,816, 2/8/1898, Overshoe James Ricks #338,781, 3/30/1886, Horseshoe#626,245, 6/6/1899, Overshoe for horses Norbert Rillieux #3,237, 8/26/1843, Improvement in sugar works#4,879, 12/10/1846, Sugar processing evaporator Cecil Rivers 6,731,483, 2/14/2003, Circuit breaker with single test button mechanism Louis W Roberts #3,072,865, 1/8/1963, Gaseous discharge device#3,257,620, 6/21/1966, Device for gas amplication by stimulated emission and radiation GASAR#3,377,576, 4/9/1968, Gallium-wetted movable electrode switch Elbert R Robinson #505,370, 9/19/1893, Electric railway trolley#594,286, 11/23/1897, Casting composite or other car wheels Hassel D Robinson #D 66,703, 2/24/1925, Design for a traffic signal casing#1,580,218, 4/13/1926, Traffic signal for automobiles Ira C Robinson #3,577,514, 5/4/1971, Sustained release pharmaceutical tablets James H Robinson #621,143, 3/14/1899, Lifesaving guard for locomotives#623,929, 4/25/1899, Lifesaving guard for street cars John Robinson #356,852, 2/1/1887, Dinner pail Neal Moore Robinson #1,422,479 7/11/1922 Vehicle wheel Arnold Romain #402,035 4/23/1889 Passenger register Raymond E Rose #3,618,388 11/9/1971 Control apparatus Archia L Ross #565,301, 8/4/1896, Runner for stoops#605,343, 6/7/1898, Bag closure#638,068, 11/28/1899, Trousers support or stretcher Joseph Ross #632,539, 9/5/1899, Hay press David N Roston #556,166, 3/10/1896, Feather curler Edwin R Russell #2,855,269, 10/7/1958, The separation of plutonium from uranium and fission products#2,992,249, 7/11/1961, Ion exchange absorption process for plutonium separation#3,296,123, 1/3/1967, Removal of cesium from aqueous solution by ion exchange#3,309,323, 3/14/1967, Thorium oxide or thorium-uranium oxide with magnesium oxide Jesse Eugene Russell #5,930,247, 7/27/1999, Broadband data reception system for Worldnet access#6,044,403, 3/28/2000, Network server platform for Internet, Java server and video application server John Russell #6,968,993, 11/17/2003, Mailbox assembly Joseph L Russell #3,995,011, 11/30/1976, Preparation of tungsten hexafluoride from halogen and hydrogen fluoride Lewis A Russell #544,381, 8/13/1895, Guard attachment for beds Earl Ryder #3,129,095, 4/14/1964, High silicon cast iron

Travel Articles Arent for Travel Magazines Only

Travel Articles Arent for Travel Magazines Only You shouldn’t limit your efforts for a travel-article sale living magazines, regionals, lifestyles, newspapers, seniors magazines, general magazines and even pet magazines (if your pet article is travel related) and more all print travel articles. FAMILY FUN, a family and parenting magazine, has several travel columns.   Two are â€Å"We Tried It† and â€Å"You are There.†Ã‚   These one-page articles detail a family’s experience trying a specific activity or at a participatory attraction.   Christian magazines often combine information about interesting places with missions and/or ministry opportunities.   Business magazines have short articles pertaining to travelbusiness trips, airports that provide things to do between flights, etc.   Regional or lifestyle magazinesMIDWEST LIVING and SOUTHERN LIVING, for examplelook for short pieces on scenic drives, city profiles, road trips, destinations, etc.   EVERYDAY WITH RACHAEL RAY, a food and lifestyle magazine, usually has up to ten pages of travel-related articles.   Even frugal-living newsletters purchase travel pieces.   I sold a short article on how to save money on the purchase of a rental car and another on how to save money when taking a r oad trip to THE DOLLAR STRETCHER.   And, of course, there are the writing magazines.   Once you have a little travel-writing savvy under your belt, tell others how you do it Travel articles embody more than the 2,000-3,000 word feature articles on destinations and the like; they also include 50-150- word quick-hit pieces on the latest travel trendsgear, gadgets, etc.and other short 250-500 word pieces on everything from dining and nightlife to health and transportation as long as it’s travelrelated.   Travel markets other than the traditional travel markets are ubiquitous and virtually endless. Travel articles often straddle one or more market boundaries.   That is why so many different types of magazines are able to use them. For example, a story about people with disabilities or medical conditions using air transportation would be both health and travel related and a story about elite travel status could find a home in a business magazine and a travel magazine.   I am currently working on a short 250-word write-up for ARTHRITIS TODAY on a home-grown strategy my son came up with for a container to carry injection needles on board an airplane, an article prompted You can often glean the travel information for your alternative magazine markets from what you used in a larger more in-depth travel article you wrote for a bona fide travel magazine.   I recently wrote a more-than-2,000-word logistics article on a major city for TRAVEL SMART, for example.   From that one article I was able to cull a 600-word how-to for a writing magazine, a 1,000-word article for another and a 700-word how-to for a frugal living newsletter (all travel-related articles, of course).   And I’m not finished.   I tentatively plan a short distillery profile (travel related) for a bourbon magazine (non-travel publication), an idea that came to me when I included a distillery tour as part of my lengthy logistics article.   As I’d already researched and reported on these spin-offs in my original article, recycling them to other non-travel markets was fairly simple. As freelance writers we need to keep the checks coming in. If you’re a travel writer, cash in (I mean that literally) on every opportunity to â€Å"crossover† into other non-travel magazines with your travel articles.

Classifying Terrain for Ground Vehicles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Classifying Terrain for Ground Vehicles - Essay Example However the technique is always inefficient when visibility is interfered due to climatic conditions. The reaction based classification is dependent on the sensor measurement like wheel sinkage, vehicle vibrations, and wheel slip (Garratt and Chahl, 2011). However, some of the interactions of vehicle terrain like the wheel sinkage and slip is not easy to measure accurately. Therefore, the reaction based terrain in normally performed with the help vehicle vibrations. This is because they are easy to measure with the help of accelerometers and inertial sensors. An unmanned vehicle ought to have a complete understanding of the features and the terrain around it in order to be able to navigate multifarious environmental safety (Brooks and Iagnemma, 2010). In other cases, the terrain can only be understood when speed and optimality is sacrificed. This chapter is a literature review that will utilize the measured acceleration values in the vertical direction of the vehicles to classify the terrain traversed. The literature review will be divided into a number of parts discussing wheel sinkage methods, vision based methods and different vibration methods aimed at classifying the data. Terrain classification for ground vehicles are normally categorized as reaction based methods, vision based method, and combination of a reaction and vision based methods. The reaction and vision based approaches are quite analogous to the recognition of human drivers of a terrain in respect to what can be seen and felt through the reaction of the vehicle during the terrain traversal. Vision-based terrain is performed with the help of laser range finders and cameras. To illustrate the various terrain signatures that arise from the various terrain processes, 100 terrain profiles from asphalt, gravel, grass, and sand were researched with the help of

The difference in vegetation density in burnt and unburnt Assignment

The difference in vegetation density in burnt and unburnt - Assignment Example In this case, the mean ranks were compared but not the medians. The above table indicate the group with the highest density of plantation, overall; the group with the highest rank. In this regard, the un-burnt area is observed to have the highest density of plantation Basing on the data above, it can be concluded that plantation density in the un-burnt area was not statistically significantly higher than the burnt area(U=2,p=0.4).This implies that further studies need to be done to determine the repeatability of the results in order to confirm if the results are valid. According to literature it is clearly evident that frequent fires might have an impact on the young plants including higher size class (Trollope et al., 1998). The frequency of fire usually determines the length of time the plant is required to recover before the next fire occurs. The slower the rate of recovery, the more likely it is that the composition and structure of the vegetation will be changed, specifically where fires occurs often. Trollope W.S.W., Trollope L.A., Biggs H.C., Piennar D. and Potgieter A.L.F Longterm changes in the woody vegetation of the Kruger National Park, with special reference to the effects of elephants and fire, Koedoe, 41, pp103112.

Evaluating a Website for Credibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluating a Website for Credibility - Essay Example The search engine used to locate the National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organization’s website was Google. From the website url (http://www.naccho.org.au/), the domain of the website is identified as .org. Choosing this website for the review considered a number of issues. Foremost, I was out to look for a website that was meant for a group of people. NACCHO’s website suited my description for the perfect website to review given the specificity of its audience. Although the website has information that appeals to the general public to support the cause of the organization, it is a medium more specifically meant to address the Australian aborigines than the general public. Additionally, the website is simple, straightforward and specific to the needs of its audience (National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organization, 2013). It dissects the health issues of the aborigines in a way that is much more convincing than other health websites. Further, the website became my site of choice since it is light and fast. There is the right choice of pictures, picture sizes and diction without unnecessary need for pompousness and wordiness. Like most websites, NACCHO’s website has a splendid authority hierarchy in its modification and administration. The viewers do not have the authority to publish news or update the website. Only website administrators have the capability to publish new material, update information and modify the layout of the website. Unlike wikis and other related websites, NACCHO’s website does not give readers much freedom to dictate the content of the website (Miller, 2012). However, there is a provision for feedback where website visitors can leave their views on the operations of the organization. The information included in the website is objective and focuses on the target group. This

The concept of entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The concept of entrepreneurship - Essay Example The intention of this study is the concept of entrepreneurship as the process of searching the environment to identify business opportunities for improvement, to mobilise resources and implement actions to maximise these opportunities. Thus, the kind of business venture normally involves an element of risk for which a profit reward is usually sought. Entrepreneurship also encompasses aspects such as the introduction of new goods or improving the new ones, developing the new methods of production, opening new markets as well as creating new forms of business organisation. As such, it can be observed that this is not an easy feat to achieve given that there are certain characteristics and traits necessary to start, manage and develop an entrepreneurial enterprise. Some of these traits required for staring up business are discussed below. The entrepreneur is always looking for business opportunities because he has the courage to take the risk to start a business. Whilst other people wou ld like to believe that entrepreneurs are born with special characteristics, it would be more accurate to say that entrepreneurship is learnt behaviour. The longer one continues to scout for business opportunities the more one notices profitable business opportunities. Thus, a prospective entrepreneur must always analyse himself and determine weak and strong points that characterise his personality. It can be observed that entrepreneurs possess particular characteristics that set them apart from people are not intent on starting an enterprise of their own. (Burke, 2007). Each entrepreneur has got a unique combination of characteristics and traits at his disposal for achieving success. 2.1.1 Philosophy of life The entrepreneur often tries things where the majority of people will back off (Gundill, 2006). Entrepreneurs are self starting and they are always looking for opportunities to which others have not even dreamed of and one notable aspect about these people is that they are ente rprising and they approach all things positively. Through innovation and creativity, an entrepreneur is able to identify an opportunity in the market and looks at both the positive as well as negative aspects that are related to that opportunity. The key success factor of the entrepreneurs in this particular case is that they always look at positive aspects of a given situation then look at the challenges later. This enables them to be better positioned to take the risk and approach the situation with caution fully knowing the measures that can be implemented in order to overcome the challenges or any other negative aspect that can impact on the business venture. It can be observed that every big business starts off as a small business and a good example can be drawn from the cases of McDonald’s hamburger, Apple computer as well as Ford car (Steinhoff & Burgess 1993:4). McDonald’

Value Creation In E-business in Xtra Company Case Study

Value Creation In E-business in Xtra Company - Case Study Example This is the project plan. The motivation for adopting IS Development is the improvement of efficiency, protecting market share, assisting in innovative activities, and increasing, productivity and profitability. (Wang et al, 2004; Pateli & Giagles, 2004). What the company is selling is a novelty item that catches the attention of Hollywood fans and moviegoers. What they only have to do is to be able to reach a wider market based and the moment that they can establish a wide market, they have to come up new means of reaching it. And the way to reach it is via eBusiness. The transition to eBusiness requires two important aspects of the internal aspect and the external aspect. In the internal aspect what is necessary are the following: effective individual, effective team and an effective organization. In the external aspect what is needed include the basic website, interactive website and e-commerce. These two aspects should converge for the plan to work (Arunatelika & Gigi, nd). Furthermore, of primary importance is the satisfaction of the customers.customers have greatly appreciated the personalized services that they have been receiving in the virtual market (Dubosson-Torbay et al, 2001). And Xtra Company cannot deviate from this trend, this current value creation in e-business (Ahmet & Zott, 2001). With all the important points laid down, the plan is simple, they are going to use the internet to sell their products. As such, they have to create the IT structure, the creation of an interactive website and e-commerce should be undertaken. But it is not only that, they should have good collaboration links with the suppliers, links with the distributor and definitely a good interactive website that can be accessed 24/7. Aside from that, they should have a strong IT infrastructure, Business systems, IT policies, IT security measures and IT maintenance. Likewise, they also have to establish a strong and effective organization who are made up of people who are h ighly motivated, of a team that shares the vision, goals and values of the company.  Ã‚  

Government's role in healthcare markets Research Paper

Government's role in healthcare markets - Research Paper Example And today developed nations are striving to establish comprehensive plans to serve people in various aspects. In recent times, health care concerns are increasing due to ever increasing complexity of ambiance people live in. Pollutants, Genetic Modification, Environmental degradation and Global warming are making things a mesh of problems. In spite of galloping advancements in bioinformatics and medicine, deaths are becoming increasingly terminal. This statement can be supported by discussing various types of cancers, increasing obesity and even more complex psychological problems in highly urbanized areas. Keeping in view these concerns United States government has been in the phase of transition which has Health care services as one of the major moot points. Investments in the development of effective medicine, attempts to promulgate health care schemes and finding cost effective all inclusive health care facilities are apparently important for the government. This research is an attempt to delve into the details of US health care industry. It is aimed at finding comprehensive facts and figures about the health care services and the econometrics that are proving to be the driving force of this sector. Distinct organizations have emerged during recent times in order to serve and do business related to health care. The cost and access to health care facilities is the bottom line of this research. As a big picture the health care facilities in US are largely private sector business, whereas government facilities come next to the private sector. These statistics are one of the major concerns for health care policy makers and operators who reside in the echelons of power. About 65% of the health care spending for people below 67 years comes from programs like Medicare, Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHCP) and Tricare. Average US life expectancy is 78 years which ranks her 27th among 34 highly industrialized countries

The concept of entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The concept of entrepreneurship - Essay Example The intention of this study is the concept of entrepreneurship as the process of searching the environment to identify business opportunities for improvement, to mobilise resources and implement actions to maximise these opportunities. Thus, the kind of business venture normally involves an element of risk for which a profit reward is usually sought. Entrepreneurship also encompasses aspects such as the introduction of new goods or improving the new ones, developing the new methods of production, opening new markets as well as creating new forms of business organisation. As such, it can be observed that this is not an easy feat to achieve given that there are certain characteristics and traits necessary to start, manage and develop an entrepreneurial enterprise. Some of these traits required for staring up business are discussed below. The entrepreneur is always looking for business opportunities because he has the courage to take the risk to start a business. Whilst other people wou ld like to believe that entrepreneurs are born with special characteristics, it would be more accurate to say that entrepreneurship is learnt behaviour. The longer one continues to scout for business opportunities the more one notices profitable business opportunities. Thus, a prospective entrepreneur must always analyse himself and determine weak and strong points that characterise his personality. It can be observed that entrepreneurs possess particular characteristics that set them apart from people are not intent on starting an enterprise of their own. (Burke, 2007). Each entrepreneur has got a unique combination of characteristics and traits at his disposal for achieving success. 2.1.1 Philosophy of life The entrepreneur often tries things where the majority of people will back off (Gundill, 2006). Entrepreneurs are self starting and they are always looking for opportunities to which others have not even dreamed of and one notable aspect about these people is that they are ente rprising and they approach all things positively. Through innovation and creativity, an entrepreneur is able to identify an opportunity in the market and looks at both the positive as well as negative aspects that are related to that opportunity. The key success factor of the entrepreneurs in this particular case is that they always look at positive aspects of a given situation then look at the challenges later. This enables them to be better positioned to take the risk and approach the situation with caution fully knowing the measures that can be implemented in order to overcome the challenges or any other negative aspect that can impact on the business venture. It can be observed that every big business starts off as a small business and a good example can be drawn from the cases of McDonald’s hamburger, Apple computer as well as Ford car (Steinhoff & Burgess 1993:4). McDonald’

Government's role in healthcare markets Research Paper

Government's role in healthcare markets - Research Paper Example And today developed nations are striving to establish comprehensive plans to serve people in various aspects. In recent times, health care concerns are increasing due to ever increasing complexity of ambiance people live in. Pollutants, Genetic Modification, Environmental degradation and Global warming are making things a mesh of problems. In spite of galloping advancements in bioinformatics and medicine, deaths are becoming increasingly terminal. This statement can be supported by discussing various types of cancers, increasing obesity and even more complex psychological problems in highly urbanized areas. Keeping in view these concerns United States government has been in the phase of transition which has Health care services as one of the major moot points. Investments in the development of effective medicine, attempts to promulgate health care schemes and finding cost effective all inclusive health care facilities are apparently important for the government. This research is an attempt to delve into the details of US health care industry. It is aimed at finding comprehensive facts and figures about the health care services and the econometrics that are proving to be the driving force of this sector. Distinct organizations have emerged during recent times in order to serve and do business related to health care. The cost and access to health care facilities is the bottom line of this research. As a big picture the health care facilities in US are largely private sector business, whereas government facilities come next to the private sector. These statistics are one of the major concerns for health care policy makers and operators who reside in the echelons of power. About 65% of the health care spending for people below 67 years comes from programs like Medicare, Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHCP) and Tricare. Average US life expectancy is 78 years which ranks her 27th among 34 highly industrialized countries

Cda Competency Goal Essay Example for Free

Cda Competency Goal Essay To establish and maintain a safe, healthy learning environment. Safe- My goal is to provide a clean healthy environment that meets each Childs physical need. Making sure the class room and playground are clean and safe at all times make sure all my outlets have outlet covers so the children cant access them also make sure inside as well as outside there are no objects that the children can choke on or can ham them self such as sharp objects or small objects. Infants To make sure my classroom is clean and sanitary by cleaning and making sure the floors are clean and free of clutter and washing all toys with a bleach water solution, especially toys children put in their mouth . Also by making sure they don’t have anything in their mouth. Washing hands before and after every meal and diaper change is also very important for the health of the children. Toddlers I make sure that in my toddler class is safe as toddlers touch and explore everything they see by touching and putting in their mouth have to make sure that every night and every morning I check all their surroundings. If any toys are damaged I remove them immediately to avoid and hazards. Healthy- My goal is to promote healthy habits. Infants Keeping infants healthy by promoting good habits such as had washing of both the care giver and the infant threw out the day, after diaper changes and after meals. Also by sanitizing the changing table after each diaper change. Cleaning and sanitizing play areas daily. Mouthed toys are immediately removed from the play area and sanitized at the end of the day. I can help balance the infants sleeping habits, eating habits and their activities in a way that can fit the group’s needs a well as well as their needs individually. Toddlers Promoting healthy habits such as hand washing and eating habits. By washing toddlers wash their hands and having planed meals that encourage the toddler to try new foods also read books and play games that show and teach healthy habits. Learning Environment-

Utilitarian Consequentialist Viewpoint in Human Cloning

Utilitarian Consequentialist Viewpoint in Human Cloning Introduction Human cloning has been a contentious subject marked with heated debate. However, most people seem to incline to the position that human cloning at the present time is unethical for a number of reasons including the likelihood of harm to participants and the safety of techniques used. An action is considered ethical if it portrays a commitment to honor other. This is the focus of the utilitarian consequentialist position, to maximize others overall good, as well as, the good of ones self. From a utilitarian consequentialist viewpoint, human cloning is considered unethical. This paper is an evaluation of the utilitarian consequentialist viewpoint concerning the issue of human cloning. Human Cloning To those in favor of human cloning, their arguments often revolve around the idea of addressing reproduction; however, such arguments tend to focus on the narrow benefits involved (Caplan, 2014). This does not mean that such arguments lack merit; some arguments in favor of human cloning in some way uphold the most meaningful and deepest shared societal values. In anticipation of human cloning, proponents have raised possible benefits including avoiding the risk of genetic diseases, allow couples of the same sex to have children, a solution to infertility, replace lost children or spouses and replication of talent. On the other hand, opponents have their own reasons revolving on the ethics of the technological application. For example, violation of the convention moral norms experimenting on humans, potential harm on cloned individuals and the effect of the technology on the relationship between generations (Devolder, 2013). However, both sides concur on the need to reflection on the social and ethical implication of human cloning. Utilitarian Consequentialist Viewpoint and Evaluation Utilitarian consequentialism is founded on the idea that an action is evaluated in terms of pleasure and pain in causes; utilitarianism attempt to weigh the two options in arriving at a moral decision that yields the least pain and most happiness. Concerning the issue of human cloning, a utilitarian consequentialist would weigh the pleasure and pain produced by the technology (Petrillo, 2014). Nevertheless, it does not mean that because human cloning may result in overall happiness for a greater majority, it is ethically accepted. It is true that human cloning has a number of potential positive benefits as mention earlier; however, it also has its own negative aspect. From a utilitarian consequentialist viewpoint, after weighing the perceived pleasure and potential pains, human cloning should not be permitted as it would result in more pain to the cloned individuals and the society since the clones will exist as copies or spare part of the existing humans. The utilitarian consequentialist viewpoint in human cloning holds some water and is arguable to be valid because allowing human cloning will be like setting the foundation for capacities that can alter humans at the genetic level. It is evident from previous human actions that actions of this nature have had a significant effect on the human genetic pool (Kuhse, Schuklenk Singer, 2015). For example, the treatment of diabetes using insulin has prolonged the lives of individuals with diabetes that would have died before reproducing and thus has contributed to an increase in diabetes gene in the population genetic pool. Engagement in human cloning without reflecting on the potentially serious and unanticipated consequence would be a great mistake in the human history. Given the importance of what is a stake, the scientist should be modest in attempting to alter human procreation and life, particularly when there is no compelling reason. Alongside the many potential negative consequence s to the society and the cloned individuals, this justifies utilitarian consequentialist viewpoint in human cloning. Conclusion Though it may not be possible to know the long-term consequences of human cloning, the utilitarian consequentialist viewpoint holds that human cloning should not be permitted as it would result in more pain to cloned individuals and the society. The proponents and opponents of human cloning seem to concur on the need to reflect on the social and ethical implication of human cloning, thus pointing to the justification of the utilitarian consequentialist viewpoint in human cloning. References Caplan, A. (2014). Raymond Waggoner Lectures-Arthur Caplan, What is Wrong With Human Cloning?: The Ethics of Technological Reproduction, 1998. Devolder, K. (2013). Were it physically safe, reproductive human cloning would be acceptable Kuhse, H., Schuklenk, U., Singer, P. (2015). Bioethics: an anthology(Vol. 40). John Wiley Sons. Petrillo, S. (2014). Moral Theories and Cloning in Kazuo Ishiguros Never Let Me Go. Berkeley Undergraduate Journal, 27(1).

Essay on Worth in Everyday Use -- Everyday Use essays

A Question of Worth in Everyday Use  Ã‚     Ã‚   From the fashionable, expensive clothing that the character Dee in Alice Walker’s "Everyday Use" wears, the girl seems almost immediately to be a person of great value and importance. It may seem, too, at first glance, that Dee’s mother and sister, Maggie, in their tin-roof house and shabby clothing, are of little or no worth in "Everyday Use." The story ironically shows, under more careful thought, that the very outer characteristics which deem Dee the more valuable character are the ones which prove that the mother and Maggie have the more powerful inner worth. In the beginning of the story, Dee is portrayed to be more physically valuable than her mother and Maggie. Dee’s outfit reeks of a money-based society, much different from that of her heritage. Dee wears "A dress down to the ground...There are yellows and oranges enough to throw back the light of the sun. Earrings, too, gold and hanging down to her shoulders" (Walker 1151). Dee’s mother even reflects on her oldest daughter’s full figure and nice hair(1150). The mother and Maggie, on the other hand, are given an air of simplicity and unattractiveness. The mother is described as a large, big-boned man-worker whose usual attire consists of overalls and flannel nightgowns. Maggie, referred to as a "lame animal," is thin and shabbily dressed(1150). From the vivid description of Dee and rather bland ones of the mother and Maggie, it may be readily assumed that Dee is of much higher extrinsic value than her family members. Despite the outer attractiveness of Dee and unattractiveness of her mother and Maggie, the differences in the behavior of the groups indicate a turnaround in the presumed value judgments of the characters... ... as well. The first glimpse of "Everyday Use" may suggest that Dee surpasses her mother and sister in value, but closer scrutiny of the work reveals that the mother and Maggie have just as much, if not more, merit than Dee. Works Cited Walker, Alice. "Everyday Use." The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. 1149. Baker, Houston A., Jr. and Pierce-Baker, Charlotte. Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol. 5. Gale Research Inc.: Detroit, MI,1990. 402. Mickelson, Anne Z. Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol. 5. Gale Research Inc.: Detroit, MI, 1990. 406. Works Consulted Matriz, Roger, ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc., Vol. 5, 6, 9, 19, 27. 1991. Draper, James P., ed. Black Literature Criticism. Detroit, MI: Gale Research, Inc., Vol. 3. 1992.   

Abortion :: essays research papers

As of right now, abortion is legal in all nine months of the pregnancy for any reason. This controversial issue is a question of how important the value of life is. The turning point came in 1973 when the Supreme Court's decision in Roe vs. Wade saying, that women have the right to murder an innocent child only up to 24 weeks . This false perception is fueled part by groups supporting abortion rights and it is then uncritically unaccepted by the media. The fact is that the current law allows a woman to get an abortion for any reason she deems necessary.It seems ironic that a people can get so emotional when it comes to animal rights, yet see no wrong in ripping a developed baby from the protection of the mother. It is not the child's fault that he or she was conceived. Some people argue that the developing is not technically a child yet because it cannot live on its own. Most of the procedures in murdering the growing child can be painful to the baby and be harmful to the mother. So how can we as a nation make sure criminals are executed painlessly and let children be murdered by extremely painful measures. At 18 days after conception, a baby's heart is already beating, and at 6 weeks, brain waves can be measured. At 8 weeks, the stomach, liver, and kidneys are functioning, and the fingerprints have formed. At 9 weeks, the baby can feel pain . Here are some methods of early abortion:Vacuum Curettage: powerful suction tube inserted through the cervix and into the womb. The unborn child is torn apart by the force of the suction; the fetal body parts and placenta are sucked into a jar. Possible complications include infection, cervical laceration and uterine perforation. Mifepristone: also known as RU-486, the chemical causes an abortion by interfering with the function of the placenta, starving the unborn child to death. Prostaglandins are then administered to expel the fetus. This method of abortion takes place over the span of several days; the average woman using it bleeds heavily for more than nine days, but some women have bled for over four weeks. Mifepristone is just beginning to be used in the US. Long-term health risks are not yet known. Methotrexate: though not approved by the FDA for this use, a methotrexate injection kills the unborn child by interfering with the growth process (cell division).

African Plants Used in Medicine

[pic] Pelargonium sidoides (Umckaloabo) Introduction: For hundreds of years the Zulu, Basuto, Xhosa and Mfengi cultures have used  Pelargonium sidoides  as a curative for coughs, upper respiratory tract irritations and gastrointestinal concerns. Today, with the advantages of modern science and clinical research, we are able to better understand what makes this traditional remedy work so effectively.Pelargonium sidoides has been successfully used for the treatment of: |Respiratory infections like bronchitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia, tonsillitis and rhinopharyngitis | |It is often used as an alternative to antibiotics | |Acute and chronic ear, nose and throat infections | |Rapid improvement in the symptoms associated with colds and flu | |Analgesic (absence of pain) effects | Pelargonium sidoides is also rich in  photochemical, vitamins, minerals and amino acids  that enhance the body’s functioning and protects it against diseases.Treatment with  Pelargonium sidoides   rapidly improves the typical symptoms associated with infections such as cough, fever, sore throat, fatigue and weakness. [pic] Hibiscus sp. Introduction: Recorded Medicinal uses: The Shangaan use the  Hibiscus sp. leaves in the form of tea for the treatment of hypertension, profuse menstruation and PMS. In Guinea the plant is regarded as mucilaginous and tonic to heart and stomach. The seed is aromatic and has a musk-like odour used in perfumery under the name  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ambretta†. In South America and West Indies, the seed is a snakebite remedy. The leaf gives a very fair zone of inhibition, when tested for its antibacterial effect. The leaf of  Hibiscus sp. s used by the Xhosa as a dressing for septic wounds and is said to contain Mucilage. In the East Indies and Senegal the seed has been used as a remedy for eye diseases and dysentery. The seed oil contains 55. 9% of stearic acid, 9. 1% of palmitic, 32. 6% of oleic and 2. 4% of linoleic. The flower yields a pigment canna hibiscetin. The Swati use a decoction of the root and flower in pneumonia. A hydrochloric acid extract of the leaf and stem has given positive alkaloid tests. A small piece of the root of  Hibiscus malacospermus Harv. is chewed by the Europeans in Lydenburg (South Africa) to relieve heartburn. The Southern Sotho use the plant as a colic remedy.The Southern Sotho, also use the  Hibiscus malacospermus E. Mey ex Harv. as a remedy for headaches and other ailments. The root of  Hibiscus pusillus Thumb. is used by the Zulu as an emetic in the treatment of â€Å"bad dreams† and by men as part of the preparation for courting. The Zulu use a lotion of the leaf and stem of  Hibiscus surattensis L. for the treatment of penile irritation of any sort, including venereal sores and urethritis. It is sometimes applied as an ointment for the same purposes. An infusion is also used as an injection into the urethra and vagina for gonorrhoea and other inflammations. [pic] African G inger Siphonochilus aethiopicus elite chemotype Introduction:This rare southern  African plant, is an ancient traditional herb regarded as Africa’s best natural anti-inflammatory remedy, and it has many other uses: |Headaches | |Influenza | |Mild asthma | |Sinusitis and throat infections | |PMS, Menstrual cramps | |Candida albicans, trush | |Mild sedative | |Mood swings and hysteria | |Colds, flu & coughs | Other beneficial uses: |Ginger is an excellent remedy for digestive complaints (indigestion, nausea, gas, colic and congestion) | |Ginger's antiseptic qualities make it highly beneficial for gastro-intestinal infections | |Circulatory stimulant – stimulates the circulation making it an important remedy for chilblains and poor circulation.By | |improving the circulation, ginger helps reducing high blood pressure | |Ginger also increases sweating and helps reduce body temperature in fevers | |Ginger helps to â€Å"thin† the blood as well as to lower cho lesterol | |Ginger is useful as a supplement for heartburn & halitosis (bad breath) | |This herb is known to relieve vomiting and to sooth the stomach and spleen in the process | |Ginger is a warm vascular stimulant and body cleanser.It encourages the removal of toxins through the skin, and through | |increased kidney filtration | |Ginger relieves motion sickness and morning sickness | General Information: This herb has a long history of use in African traditional medicine for a range of conditions including headaches, Influenza, mild asthma, sinusitis, throat infections, thrush, candida, premenstrual syndrome and menstrual cramps. The root or rhizome is the part used, and comes to market in jointed branches called races or hands. The smell of ginger is aromatic and penetrating, the taste spicy, pungent, hot and biting. African Ginger  is a deciduous plant with large, hairless leaves, developing annually from a small, distinctive cone-shaped rhizome.The spectacular flowers appea r at ground level in early summer. Because of its medicinal uses it has been over-harvested and has a restricted distribution in Mpumalanga and the Northern Province and has become extinct in Kwa Zulu Natal. Ginger has a stimulating effect on the heart and circulation, creating a feeling of warmth and well-being and restoring vitality, especially for those feeling the cold in winter. Hot ginger tea promotes perspiration, brings down a fever and helps to clear catarrh. Ginger has a stimulating and expectorant action in the lungs, expelling phlegm and relieving catarrhal coughs and chest infections. Ginger is a wonderful aid to digestion.It invigorates the stomach and intestines, stimulating the appetite and enhancing digestion by encouraging secretion of digestive enzymes. It moves stagnation of food and subsequent accumulation of toxins, which has a far-reaching effect throughout the body, increasing general health, vitality and enhancing immunity. ALOE VERA [pic] [pic] aloe was use d topically to heal wounds and for various skin conditions, and orally as a laxative. Today, in addition to these uses, aloe is used as a folk or traditional remedy for a variety of conditions, including diabetes, asthma, epilepsy, and osteoarthritis. It is also used topically for osteoarthritis, burns, sunburns, and psoriasis.

Macbeth Monologue

Monologue The witches were telling the truth. I was shocked when they said I was the thane of Cawdor I thought it was just lies. But now Angus and Ross told me officially that I am the thane of Cawdor. Wow this is a huge honor, a new title the thane of Glamis and Cowder. But what did he do? That’s right he is a traitor. But why have I taken his position? What have I done to disserve this title? Indeed I fought in the battle but so did countless others.What sets me apart from those courageous souls fighting alongside me? Witches actually exist? Magic is around us? If they are truly all powerful, perhaps they deserve this title more than I do. But they are ugly I have to say honestly. Is it weird that they knew who I am? That’s right they are witches after all. One of them did say something which I think I heard wrong, she said al â€Å"all hail Macbeth-that shalt be king hereafter† but what will the king do wrong, he is the king after all, a noble king.I’m sure they are mistaken; he is a wonderful ruler and a great role model. Aha! They must not be witches, I am not of royal descent, so I am not able to claim the Kings thrown. Here’s my guess, they were lucky, or perhaps they are not supernatural but supernaturally smart. So foul and fair a day I have not seen. I refuse to believe what they say because they are just imperfect speakers. By sinels death I know I am thane of Glamous and know thane of Cowdor

River Woods Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

River Woods Case - Assignment Example Once a horizontal powerbase is established, the employees will feel more inclined to work as a team and less inclined to go directly to the CEO, as would occur in a vertical power base. In order to assist in establishing a horizontal structure as quickly as possible, I plan to be a flexible and visible as I can, while setting clear expectations that all employees buy into and feel empowered by. In terms of weekly meetings, each employee needs to understand their role and what’s expected and single person has all of determinants or information. Clear communication channels will be established which include my office as the first stop for any new ideas or if employees are having problems. I plan to become more relevant to my employees by increasing the amount on which I rely on the concept of centrality or in other words, my network. As part of this strategy, I will be ad I will encourage my employees to display certificates for courses they completed and I will begin to show them my close relationship with the CEO to establish trustworthiness by demonstrating that I am indeed, close to the powerbase. This should help ease the problems and drive productivity up as everyone will feel more confident. The short answer is that the key to getting my management team on board with me is trickle up leadership and in order to â€Å"lead up†, it is time for me to speak up. My team needs to be refocused and the artificial constraints and excuses for the rise in customer complaints needs to be ended by renewing their dedication to the specialized role that them and their units play in this special company. I must act assertively to neutralize those individuals in my company who are having a toxic effect by being late or having attendance issues. This is an opportunity for employees to have input and take the lead in solving the issues and I will certainly be open and encouraging of any viable solutions

Battle of Little Bighorn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Battle of Little Bighorn - Essay Example His over-zealous approach, arrogant attitude, and egotistical need for glory led an inexperienced and exhausted 7th Cavalry onto a battlefield of unknown terrain to fight an enemy of unknown size. As the sun set, Little Bighorn was littered with the remains of 220 under-equipped and unsupplied soldiers that Custer led to their death. The Battle of Little Bighorn may not have been winnable, but under Custer's command it was a certain death sentence and a complete failure. The preparation for the Battle of the Little Bighorn began at Fort Abraham Lincoln as early as the Fall of 1875. Here, the Army made two errors that would later prove fatal. The troops provided were inexperienced and had reportedly had been in only one previous Indian skirmish. Though the choice of soldiers may not have been Custer's, their mental and physical preparation was the ultimate responsibility of the field commander. According to a 1909 interview with Second Lieutenant Winfield S. Edgerly, "...[N]o one expected the Indians would make a stand anywhere and fight." (as cited in Hammer, 1990, p. 53). He further illuminates Custer's attitude toward the ensuing battle when he contends, "Custer's idea was that Indians would scatter and run in all directions" (as cited in Hammer, 1990, p. 53). ... The final estimation places the Indian force at between 5000 and 8000 warriors. Due to Indian agents' desire to inflate reservation populations and maximise government-sponsored goods, the Army initially estimated that there were only about 1000 Indians off the reservation (Fox, 1993, p. 233). Yet, once again, it was Custer who failed to adjust and conceive the most rudimentary battlefield planning. Though the Army had miscalculated the Indian force, Custer was warned of the impending size of the opposition as estimates began to rise when Custer's scouts reported a larger force as early as June 22 (Fox, 1993, p. 233). The reconnaissance issue also includes a failure to adequately scout the terrain on which the regiment was planning on waging their attack. Three hours before the battle, Benteen reported that there were "hills on all sides" (as cited in Sklenar, 2000, p. 115). Yet, Custer pressed on not only into unfavourable, but also unknown terrain. The area where Custer died provided a poor defensive position and gave the adversary a distinct advantage (Fox, 1993, p. 231). The hills where Custer's men were situated were sloping and cut with deep ravines, forcing the men to dismount and take up defensive positions (Bereit, 2000). The overwhelming strength of the Indians allowed them to repeatedly stampede Custer's position. When Custer reached within 15 miles of the Little Bighorn, Mitch Bouyer, the mixed-blood scout, reported to Custer that the force was the largest he had ever seen assembled (Fox, 1993, p. 233). Bloody Knife, an Ankara scout, agreed. However, Custer berated Bouyer for his cowardice and ignored his scouts' intelligence. At this